热能与动力工程 专业总体介绍

2. Descriptive Geometry and Drawing
a) This course is to cultivate our imagination.  To be specific, we learned how describe a three dimensional object using two-dimensional pictures.  It was very interesting to have the lessons.  We spent much time to draw pictures in big rooms. 

3. Introduction to Mao Ze Dong Thought
a) Mao is the first president of PRC.  Many of his thoughts and behaviors have big influence on China.  To some extent, to learn his thoughts is to know some history of Chinese.

4. Cultivation’s of Ideology and Morality
a) This course is somewhat like a psychological course.  We are taught how to adjust ourselves to the society which is filled with high pressure.

5. General Physics
a) I have learned some basic physics concepts in mechanics, thermodynamics, electric field, electromagnetic field, theory of relativity, and so on.  The differences between college physics and the physics knowledge I have learned in middle school are much mathematics is introduced in college physics.  With the help of mathematics, we are able to learn more about ‘whys’ and learn more about some very complicated systems.

b) Moments of inertia: The sum of the products of each mass element of a body multiplied by the square of its distance from an axis.

6. Physical Education

7.Electric Technology
a) We learned some very classical principles of electricity, such as how the electricity is made and how to increase the efficiency of electricity.

8.Cultural Basis of Computer
a) In this course, we learned some basic computer skills, like using Windows Operation System, being familiar with Office Software, being able to find the information we want from internet.

9.The basis of Computer Hardware
a) We are told about the evolution of computer hardware from the year 1946, when the first computer was invented, to Intel 8086 clip.  We also learned how different parts of a computer, like the CPU, a Printer, were organized to finish a task.

10.Experiment of General Physics
a) We did some experiments to strengthen what we had learned from courses.  We observed the image of the diffraction of light; we traced the image of light wave by light wave tracer; we develop some films by ourselves, and so on.

11.Electron of Technologies
a) I learned some basic principles about electrons, such as diode and triode, and some knowledge about logic/Boolean algebra, like how to calculate OR, AND and NOT.

b) Diode can only permit current flow in one direction.

c) 0 AND 1 = 0; 1 AND 1 = 1;…

12.Computer Programming
a) We learned FORTRAN computer program.  FORTRAN77 was invented in 1977.  After that it was widely used in the calculations of physics, chemistry, and other subjects.  Now it has been updated to Visual FORTRAN and has become more powerful.  However, with the popularity of C or other languages like java, the number of users of FORTRAN language becomes smaller.

13. Computer Application
a) We learned the computer program FoxPro as a tool of designing and operating database.  Compared to other languages, FoxPro is very smart and convenient to visit database.  So if you have a lot of tables and data and you are not very skilled to use SQL language, FoxPro is a not bad choice.  Interestingly, when I was a research assistant in Department of Environment, I used FoxPro to develop a model called ‘Fugacity Model’ to calculate some data.

14.Marxist Philosophy
a) We learned Karl Marx’s philosophy.  Why we learn philosophy is because philosophy is based on sciences and in turn can direct scientists’ research.  For instance, we are taught to respect nature and natural principles or we will receive the punishment from nature.  Also we learned that everything has both positive and negative sides.  We should try to utilize the positive factors and get rid of negative sides.

15.Visiting Practice
a) We visited Dalian Ammonia Plant.  We spent half a day in the factory to get a general idea of how a chemical plant looks like.  A senior engineer showed us around.  We saw different chemical device and learn some safety knowledge.

16.Linear Algebra
a) Linear Algebra is a very important branch of modern mathematics.  It is a very useful tool for solving complicated mathematical problems.
（算算摸球就可以了）

17.Introduction to Deng Xiao Ping’s Theory
a) We say Mr. Deng was the designer of China’s opening to the world and reform.  His many policies have great impact on Chinese societies.  So we learned his economic policies to get a better understanding of Chinese society.  One of his diplomatic policies is ‘One China, two social systems’ which was applied to solve Hong Kong and Macau problems.

18. Experiment of Electrical Engineering
a) We did several experiments to testify what we have learned in the course Electric Technology.  We designed and assembled circuits containing transformer, diode, and other electric device.  I was often very lucky to be No. 1 who finished and tested the circuits.

19. Bases of Law
a) This is a very useful course.  We learned some common senses of law.  Specifically, we learned something about the marriage law, contract law, inherit law, and so on.  We also analyzed several cases and watched some video.

20.  Meters and Automation in Chemical Engineering
a) We learned how meters and automation work in a chemical process.  The emphasis of this course is the meters used for measuring temperature, flow flux, pressure, volume, and so on.  At the end of this course, automation of chemical engineering was introduced.

21. Marxist political Economy 
a) Although this course is called Marxist political Economy, we mainly learned basic knowledge about economy.  We learned how the capital flows in the economic circle.  What impressed me most is the theory that if you want to make more money, let your money circulate much faster.

22. Situation and Policy
a) This is a course talking about the contemporary global economics and politics.  I chose it because I think if a scientist knows more about global economics he will be able to do some research that may have some world market.

23. Engineering Mechanics 
a) In this course, we learned how to analyze the stresses that an object, say a chemical container, bears.  We tried to figure out the stresses distribution of an object and find where the weakest point of an object is if it carries a lot of

热工测量（thermal meter ）

What is a thermocouple? 

A thermocouple is a sensor for measuring temperature. It consists of two dissimilar metals, joined together at one end, which produce a small unique voltage at a given temperature. This voltage is measured and interpreted by a thermocouple thermometer. 

Thermocouples 

A thermocouple is a device primarily used for the measurement of temperature. It is based upon the findings of Seebeck (1821) who showed that a small electric current will flow in a circuit composed of two dissimilar conductors when their junctions are kept at different temperatures. The electromotive force (emf) produced under these conditions is known as the "Seebeck emf". The pair of conductors that constitute the thermoelectric circuit is called thermocouple. 

What are the different thermocouple types? 

Thermocouples are available in different combinations of metals or calibrations.' The four most common calibrations are J, K, T and E. Each calibration has a different temperature range and environment, although the maximum temperature varies with the diameter of the wire used in the thermocouple.

How do I choose a thermocouple type? 

Because thermocouples measure in wide temperature ranges and can be relatively rugged, they are very often used in industry. The following criteria are used in selecting a thermocouple: 

Temperature range 
Chemical resistance of the thermocouple or sheath material 
Abrasion and vibration resistance 
Installation requirements (may need to be compatible with existing equipment; existing holes may determine probe diameter.

评?refrigeration

Refrigeration is the withdrawal of heat from a substance or space so that temperature lower than that of the natural surroundings is achieved. 

Refrigeration may be produced by 
•        thermoelectric means
•        vapor compression systems
•        expansion of compressed gases
•        throttling or unrestrained expansion of gases.
the most important diagram
(循环图)

Vapor compression systems are employed in most refrigeration systems. Here, cooling is accomplished by evaporation of a liquid refrigerant under reduced pressure and temperature. The fluid enters the compressors at state 1 where the temperature is elevated by mechanical compression (state 2). The vapor condenses at this pressure, and the resultant heat is dissipated to the surrounding. The high pressure liquid (state 3) then passes through an expansion valve through which the fluid pressure is lowered. The low-pressure fluid enters the evaporator at state 4 where it evaporates by absorbing heat from the refrigerated space, and reenters the compressor. The whole cycle is repeated.
COMPONENTS
•        Compressor
•        Condenser
•        Expansion valve
•        Evaporator
PERFORMANCE EVALUATION
COEFFICIENT OF PERFORMANCE : 
cop=refrigeration effect/net work

thermodynamics(热力学)+heat power plant (热电站) （图略）
Power plants generate electrical power by using fuels like coal, oil or natural gas. A simple power plant consists of a boiler, turbine, condenser and a pump. Fuel, burned in the boiler and superheater, heats the water to generate steam. The steam is then heated to a superheated state in the superheater. This steam is used to rotate the turbine which powers the generator. Electrical energy is generated when the generator windings rotate in a strong magnetic field. After the steam leaves the turbine it is cooled to its liquid state in the condenser. The liquid is pressurized by the pump prior to going back to the boiler A simple power plant is described by a Rankine Cycle. 

RANKINE CYCLE（图略）
Saturated or superheated steam enters the turbine at state 1, where it expands isentropically to the exit pressure at state 2. The steam is then condensed at constant pressure and temperature to a saturated liquid, state 3. The heat removed from the steam in the condenser is typically transferred to the cooling water. The saturated liquid then flows through the pump which increases the pressure to the boiler pressure (state 4), where  the water is first heated to the saturation temperature, boiled and typically superheated to state 1. Then the whole cycle is repeated.


REHEAT（图略）
When steam leaves the turbine, it is typically wet. The presense of water causes erosion of the turbine blades. To prevent this, steam is extracted from high pressure turbine (state 2), and then it is reheated in the boiler (state 2') and sent back to the low pressure turbine. 

REGENERATION（图略）
Regeneration helps improve the Rankine cycle efficiency by preheating the feedwater into the boiler. Regeneration can be achieved by open feedwater heaters or closed feedwater heaters. In open feedwater heaters, a fraction of the steam exiting a high pressure turbine is mixed with the feedwater at the same pressure. In closed system, the steam bled from the turbine is not directly mixed with the feedwater, and therefore, the two streams can be at different pressures.

COMPONENTS
Boiler/Superheater
Condenser 
Turbine
Pump

thermal efficiency=net power out /heat in


heat exchanger(换热器)
Introduction
Exchange systems are widely used both in living organisms and industrial applications. An exchange process, whether it involves heat, gases, solutes, or water, is an important feature in many different physiological processes. Knowledge of these exchange principles is important for the understanding of many physiological principles like respiration, thermoregulation, osmoregulation, water balance,etc. One of the most effective exchange principles is the counter-current principle.
We can use the exchanger for transferring heat, gases, or water between two media separated by a thin membrane that has good thermal conductance or a high conductance for different gases, solutes or water. Depending on the flow arrangements, we can classify an exchanger as counter-exchanger, con-exchanger or cross-counter exchanger. A fourth type is the mixing-heat-exchangers, where we mix the two in the exchanger, such as the nasal passages in some animals and some human applications. The efficiency of the exchanger is dependent on a number of factors, such as the flow direction of the media, the flow rate of the media and diffusion distance, or conductance of the exchanger material.

Heat exchanger is a heat exchanging set.
Heat exchanger can be classified: recuperative exchanger, mixed exchanger, accumulated heat exchanger, intermediated heat-carrier exchanger.
Heat transfer equation: Q=kF△tm
Q=heat load
K=heat transfer coefficient
△tm=average temperature difference of two kinds of flows（两种流体的平均温差）
There are three kinds of average temperature:
logarithmic average temperature difference: △tm=(△tmax-△tmin)/ln△tmax/△tmin
arithmetic average temperature difference: △tm=(△tmax+△tmin)/2
integrating average temperature difference

Boiler（锅炉）
Boiler surface may be defined as those parts of tubes, drums and shells which are part of the boiler circulatory system and which are in contact with the hot gases on one side and water or a mixture of water and steam on the other side.
Coal contains: Carbon, Hydrogen, oxygen, Nitrogen, Sulfur, ash, moisture.
Calorific capacity(heat output): Heat emits when every unit coal burned completely.煤的发热量：煤单位质量燃烧所放出的热量。
High calorific power(高位发热量)：Add the latent heat of steam after burning completely.
Low calorific power: Not add the latent heat of steam after burning.
Coal can be classified: anthracite(无烟煤), poor coal, bituminous coal( 烟煤), lignite coal(褐煤)。
Ash-fusion point(灰熔点)：Deformation temperature, soften temperature, Fluid temperature.
Theoretical air capacity(理论空气量): Under the ideal condition that every kilogram combustible matter burned completely and running out of Oxygen, it requires capacity of air.
Productions of completely burning: carbon dioxide, sulfur dioxide, steam, nitrogen gas, oxygen.
Not completely burning: Add carbon monoxide, methane(CH4), Hydrogen
Excess air coefficient: The ratio of real air capacity and ideal air capacity.
Heat of fuel: BQar,net,p
BQyx=Heat of effectively absorbed by boiler
BQgt=loss of solid not completely burned
BQqt=loss of gas not completely burned
BQpy=exhaust smoke carrying
BQlq=loss of outside of boiler cooled
BQhz=physical loss of breeze(灰渣)
Generally, there are two ways of combustion: stoke(层燃),suspension combustion(悬浮燃)
Stoker: fuel is solid; suspension: fuel is gas or fluid
There are two methods of combustion of coal gas: premixing type combustion and diffuser type combustion.( 预混型和扩散型)
Engle viscosity: Under experiment temperature, the ratio of the time that 200millilitre experiment oil flows from Engle viscosimeter and 20 centigrade 200 millilitre distilled water flows from it.
Boiler circulation: Natural circulation and forced circulation.
The force of gravity available to produce flow in natural circulation comes from the difference between the densities of the fluids in the downcomer and riser portions of the circuit. This difference in density establishes the force available for circulation.

Selection of coal-burning equipment
1.      (磨煤系统)
The function of a Pulverized-coal system is to pulverize the coal, deliver it to fuel-burning equipment, and accomplish complete combustion in the furnace with a minimum of excess air.
2.Tow principal systems(仓储式): the bin system and the direct firing system have been used for processing, distributing and burning pulverized coal.

安装工程经济与管理
the ecomomy and administration of installation project management[/COLOR] 
the main content of this course is about when we receive an installation project, how to complete it by ecomomic reasonable methods.
For example,shen we receive a project ,there are three steps to do:
First, plan and decision, if we receive a project ,we should push it toward the society.from the society,we will receive many plans about it,then we decide which is the best.
Second, organization and derection.after decision,we should to organize various work. Such as buy equipment and material, organize work labor and so on. 
Third, control and regulate. Then put the plan in operation. during the operation,we should keep control constantly.last, in order to find the errors and correct or regulate,it should keep the project complete economy and reasonable.

建筑概论architecture introduction
this course mainly introduces some brief ideas of architecture.
For example,buildings:it divided into three general classifications according to its using conditions.it include:
the civil building ,
industrias building 
agricultural building.
According to its floors ,buildings is divided into three classifications:
The low floors building
The multipoe floors 
The high floors
Buildings is divided into four classifications according to the material of building:
Brick and wood structure building
Brick and concrete structure building
Steel and concrete structure and steel structure 

能耗测定 the measurement of energy consume
in the practice,we went to the boiler room of our college and measure the exit temperature of flue gas and the pressure of the out water and use the heat balance equation.

mechanical drawing（机械制图）
The purpose of a mechanical drawing is to show the design intent pictorially. One way to do this is to choose certain views of your subject that show interesting features. The simplest of these views can normally be labeled front, back, top, bottom, left and right. 

以上资料得到我的两位mm同学的帮助，谢谢你们~~~~，希望可以能为以后本专业的或近专业的有所帮助~~